Comprehensive Guide to Handling and Storing Industrial Gases

 

Definitions and Classifications of Gases

Classifications of Gases



Compressed Gases

Characteristics:

  • Non-liquefied at ordinary temperatures, even under high pressure.
  • Stored at high pressures in containers.

Pressure Criteria:

  1. A gas or mixture of gases in a container with an absolute pressure exceeding 40 psi at 70°F (21°C).
  2. A gas or mixture of gases in a container with an absolute pressure exceeding 104 psi at 130°F (54°C), regardless of the pressure at 70°F (21°C).
  3. A liquid with a vapour pressure exceeding 40 psi at 100°F (38°C), as determined by ASTM D-323-72.

Examples:

  • Helium
  • Nitrogen
  • Oxygen
  • Argon

Liquefied Compressed Gases

Characteristics:

  • Become liquid at normal temperatures when pressurized inside a cylinder.

Examples:

  • Ammonia
  • Chlorine
  • Methane
  • Natural Gas
  • Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) (e.g., Propane and Butane)

Refrigerated Liquefied Gases (Cryogens)

Characteristics:

  • Maintained at very low temperatures.
  • Boiling points below -150°C.
  • Heavier than air at cold temperatures, accumulating near the floor.
  • Expand significantly in volume when transitioning from liquid to gas.

Examples:

  • Helium
  • Liquid Nitrogen
  • Liquid Argon
  • Carbon Dioxide
  • Nitrous Oxide

Storage Methods:

  • Pressurized Containers: These are double-walled, vacuum-sealed, with vents, dispensing hoses, pressure gauges, and pressure relief valves. These valves are spring-loaded devices set at a specific pressure to relieve excess pressure, reclose, and reseal to prevent further gas release.
  • Non-Pressurized Containers: These are open-topped vessels or Dewars with loose-fitting covers to minimize evaporation. They range in size from one to 50 liters.

Dissolved Gases

Characteristics:

  • Dissolved in another substance to enhance stability.

Example:

  • Acetylene (dissolved in acetone) is known for its chemical instability and flammability.

Additional Information about Gases

Safety Considerations

  • Compressed Gases: If containers are damaged, there is a high risk of explosion or rapid gas release. Proper handling and storage are critical. Always follow OSHA guidelines and industry standards.
  • Liquefied Gases: Extremely low temperatures pose risks of frostbite or cold burns. Use appropriate protective gear and follow ISO standards for handling.
  • Cryogens: If gases displace oxygen in enclosed spaces, asphyxiation is possible. Ensure adequate ventilation and adhere to ASHRAE standards for safe usage.
  • Dissolved Gases: Chemical instability and flammability necessitate careful handling and storage. Follow safety protocols to prevent accidents.

Applications

  • Industrial: Used in welding, cutting, and protective atmospheres in steel manufacturing processes.
  • Medical: Oxygen is used for respiratory support, nitrous oxide is used as an anaesthetic, and liquid nitrogen is used for cryopreservation.
  • Scientific Research: Helium for superconducting magnets in MRI machines and particle accelerators.
  • Food Industry: Liquid nitrogen for flash freezing and food preservation.

Visual Aids

Storage Containers:

  • Pressurized Containers: Include images showing the components, such as vents, dispensing hoses, and pressure relief valves.
  • Non-Pressurized Containers: Provide diagrams of Dewars and open-topped vessels to illustrate their structure and function.

References to Standards

  • OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration): Provides guidelines on handling and storing compressed gases.
  • ISO (International Organization for Standardization): Offers standards for safe use and transportation of gases.
  • ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers): Sets standards for refrigerants, including cryogenic gases.

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